Ukwahlukana kazibuthe kuqhamuke njengendlela ebalulekile emikhakhelweni ehlukahlukene yokuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlushwa kwezinto zokwakha. Le nqubo isebenzisa izakhiwo ezizibuthe ezenzeka ezintweni zokuzihlukanisa nengxube. Inhloso eyinhloko yesihlukanisi esimagnali ukususa okungcona okunamandla kusuka ekusakazweni komkhiqizo, uqinisekise ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo nokuvikela imishini ekulimaleni. Ukuqonda ubunzima bezinkampani zemishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe kubalulekile ukuze izimboni zisuka ezimayini ziye ezimakethe zemithi. Kulokhu kuhlaziywa okuphelele, singena ekujuleni kwemigomo, izicelo, kanye nentuthuko yabahlukanisi bamazibuthe.
Izimiso zokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe
Emgogodleni wayo, ukwahlukana kazibuthe kuxhaphaza umehluko ekunciphiseni kabi kwezinto zokwakha. Izinto zokwakha zihlukaniswa ngokususelwa kwizakhiwo zazo zasolwandle ezintweni ze-Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, kanye ne-diamagnetic. Izinto ze-Ferromagnetic, njengensimbi, zikhangwa ngokuqinile namasimu kazibuthe. Izinto zeParamagnetic zibonisa ukuheha okubuthakathaka, kanti izinto zokwakha ama-diamagnetic zixoshwa ngamasimu kazibuthe.
Lapho inhlanganisela equkethe zombili izinto zikamazibuthe nezingazinhle zidlula ngesihlukanisi samazibuthe, izinhlayiyana zidonswa ku-magnetic field, zizihlukanise nezinhlayiya ezingezona kazibuthe. Lo mgomo oyisisekelo usetshenziswa ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene kanye nemishini yemishini yokuthola ukwahlukana okusebenzayo okuhambisana nezidingo ezithile zezimboni.
Izinhlobo zemishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe
Izicelo ezahlukahlukene zidinga izinhlobo ezahlukene zabahlukanisi bamazibuthe. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zifaka:
Abasizi bamabuzi be-DRUM: Lezi ziqukethe isigubhu esijikelezayo esinama-magnets ngaphakathi. Njengoba okuphakelayo okuphambeneyo ku-Drum's Povern, izinhlayiyana kazibuthe zikhangwa isigubhu ngenkathi izinhlayiya ezingezona amabuthe ziyawa.
Abahlukanisi bakaMagnendi bangezelelesi: Kumiswe ngaphezulu kwabahlukanisi, laba abahlukanisi basusa ukungcola okunamandla kusuka ekusakazweni komkhiqizo.
Abahlukanisi bamabuzi be-roller bagnetic: Ilungele ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kwezinhlayiyana, basebenzisa ama-magnets anamandla kuma-roller ukukhipha izinhlayiyana.
Abahlukanisi abaphezulu be-magremient abaphezulu (HGMS): Ifakwe amasimu aqinile kazibuthe kanye nama-gradients, ama-HGMs angahlukanisa izinengiso ezibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ezinhle kakhulu.
Izicelo kuyo yonke imboni
Imishini yokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe idlala indima ebalulekile emidlalweni ehlukahlukene ngokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo nokuvikela imishini yokucubungula. Nazi ezinye izicelo ezibalulekile:
Ukucubungula kwezimayini kanye namaminerali
Embonini yezokumbiwa phansi, abahlukanisi bakazibuthe bazibuthe babalulekile ukuhlukanisa amaminerali abalulekile eGangue. Isibonelo, ama-magnetite ama-ores angagxila kahle kusetshenziswa ukwahlukana kazibuthe. Inqubo ithuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-ore futhi inyusa ukusebenza kahle kokucutshungulwa okuphansi. Ngokwengeziwe, abahlukanisi bamabuzi basusa i-tramp iron engalimaza imishini efana nama-crusers kanye nama-grinders.
Umkhakha Wokudla Nesiphuzo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla kubaluleke kakhulu. Imishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe isetshenziselwa ukususa ukungcoliswa okungokomfanekiso kusuka kwimikhiqizo efana nama-rain, ushukela, ufulawa kanye nezinhlamvu. Ngokuqeda izingcezwana zensimbi, izinkampani zivimbela ukukhumbula umkhiqizo futhi zivikele abathengi. Imishini ihambisana namazinga nemigomo eqinile yokuphepha kokudla.
Amakhemikhali namakhemikhali
Ekukhiqizweni kwemithi, ubumsulwa bubalulekile. Abasizi bamabuzi basusa ukungcola kwensimbi kusuka kumakhemikhali amakhemikhali noketshezi, qinisekisa ubuqotho bomkhiqizo. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusabela okunzima nokugcina ukuhambisana nezidingo zokulawula.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza
Ukwahlukana kazibuthe kuyinto yensimbi ezinqubweni zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha. Kuyasiza ekubuyiselweni kwezinsimbi ezi-Ferrous kusuka kudoti oqinile kamasipala, imfucumfucu ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinto ezikwisimboni. Ngokukhipha izinsimbi, ama-recyclers anciphisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, abuyisele izinto ezibalulekile, futhi afake isandla ekusimeni kwemvelo.
Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa kazibuthe
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe. Ukusungulwa kufaka:
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kazibuthe: Ukuthuthukiswa kwemigqa yomhlaba engavamile, njenge-neodymium-iron-boron, kuholele kumasimu kazibuthe anamandla nokusebenza okungcono kokuhlukana.
Izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo: Ukuhlanganiswa nezinzwa nezinhlelo zokulawula kuvumela ukuqapha kanye nezinguquko zesikhathi sangempela, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla.
Izisombululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso: Izinsizakusebenza manje sezingalinganiswa kuzinhlelo ezithile, zithambe izici ezinjengesayizi wezinhlayiyana, amanani wokugeleza, kanye nokususelwa kwamandla.
Design ukucatshangelwa kokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo
Ukuqamba uhlelo lokuhlukanisa olusebenzayo lwamandla kazibuthe kudinga ukucubungula ngokucophelela kwezinto ezimbalwa:
Izici ezibonakalayo
Ukuqonda izakhiwo zezinto zokwakha ezizohlukaniswa zibalulekile. Izici ezifana nosayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukusatshalaliswa, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokushisa kungathonya ukukhetha kwesihlukanisi sakwaMagnetic.
Amandla kaMagnetic asindile kanye ne-gradient
Amandla kanye ne-gradientsient yensimu yokuzibuthe anquma ikhono lokwehlukanisa ukuheha nokugcina izinhlayiyana kazibuthe. Abahlukanisi abaphezulu baphezulu badingeka ekuthumbeni izinto ezibucayi noma izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu.
Izinga Lokugeleza Nekhono
Imishini kufanele ibhekele ukugcwala okudingekayo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa. Lokhu kubandakanya ukukhetha osayizi abafanele nokucushwa okufanele ukufanisa izimfuno zokukhiqiza.
Ukunakekelwa nokusebenza okusebenzayo
Isondlo esifanele siqinisekisa isikhathi eside nokusebenza kahle kwemishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe. Imikhuba ebalulekile ifaka:
Ukuhlanza njalo: Izinto ezibuthakathaka zibukwe zinganciphisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhlanza okuhleliwe kuvimbela ukwakheka futhi kugcina ukusebenza kahle.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibucayi: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-magnets angase alahlekelwe amandla ngenxa yomonakalo womzimba noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-demization. Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kusiza ukubona izindaba kusenesikhathi.
Ukuthambisa izingxenye ezinyakazayo: Kwabahlukanisi ngezakhi zemishini, ukugcotshwa okufanele kunciphisa ukugqoka nokudabula.
Imithelela Yezemvelo Nezokuphepha
Abahlukanisi bamabuzi bafaka isandla ekulondolozeni imvelo ngokunika amandla ukuphindaphindeka kwezinsimbi kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza. Baphinde bathuthukise ukuphepha emsebenzini ngokususa abangcoliso bensimbi eziyingozi abangalimaza imishini noma izisebenzi ezilimazayo.
Ukunamathela emithethweni yezemvelo kanye namazinga okuphepha kubalulekile. Imishini kumele ihambisane nemihlahlandlela ebekwe yimizimba yokulawula kanye nezivumelwano eziqondene nezimboni.
Izinzuzo zezomnotho zokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe
Ukutshala imali emishini yama-magnetic yokwehlukanisa kuveza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho:
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo: Ukususa ama-contaminants kuthuthukisa inani lomkhiqizo nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemishini: Ngokukhipha izinto ezinobunzima, isikhathi sokuphumula sincishisiwe, futhi izindleko zokulungisa zehliswa.
Ukuvuselelwa Kwemithombo: Izinsimbi Ezibuyiselwe Izinsimbi zingaphinde zisetshenziswe kabusha noma zithengiswe, zinikezela ngemifudlana yemali engenayo.
Izifundo zamacala nezinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela zomhlaba
Ukuhlola izinhlelo zokusebenza zezwe langempela kuhlinzeka ngokuqonda ngezinzuzo ezisebenzayo zokwahlukana kazibuthe.
Ukulungiselela ukucubungula amaminerali
Esitshalweni sokucubungula amaminerali, ukuqaliswa kokuxhaswa kwezingatha okuphezulu kakhulu kwandise izinga lokutakula amaminerali abalulekile ngama-30%. Ukusebenza okuthuthukile kuholele ekugcinweni kwezindleko ezinkulu kanye nokwenza inzuzo eyengeziwe.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphepha Kokudla
Umenzi wesibeletho uhlanganise imishini yokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe emgqeni wabo wokukhiqiza, ehlisa ubungozi bokungcoliswa kwensimbi. Lesi senzo sivinjelwe amandla okukhumbula futhi saqinisa idumela lomkhiqizo ngekhwalithi.
Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo ekuhlukaniseni kazibuthe
Inkambu yokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe ilungele ukuqhubeka kwezinto ezintsha. Amathrendi aqhamukayo afaka:
I-Nanotechnology: Ukuthuthukisa ama-nanoparticles kazibuthe ukuthola ukwahlukana okunembe ngokwengeziwe ezingeni lamangqamuzana.
Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla: imishini yokuklama edla amandla amancane ngenkathi ugcina ukusebenza okuphezulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-automation kanye ne-AI: Sebenzisa ubuhlakani bokufakelwa ukuze uthuthukise izinqubo zokuhlukanisa kanye nokunakekelwa kokuqagela.
Ukulandela kanye namazinga okulawula
Ukuhambisana namazinga aphesheya kubalulekile. Imithethonqubo efana noMthetho Wezokuphepha Kwezokudla Ukuphepha (i-FSMA) kanye nokuhlaziywa kwengozi kanye namaphoyinti wokulawula abucayi (i-HACCP) adinga ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokulawula ukungcoliswa. Imishini yokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe isiza izinkampani zihlangabezane nalezi zidingo futhi zigweme izinhlawulo zomthetho.
Ukuhlanganiswa namanye amasu okuhlukanisa
Ukuhlanganisa ukwahlukana kazibuthe nezinye izindlela zokwehlukanisa zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Amasu anjenge-flotation, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlukaniswa ngogesi nge-electrostatic ngamasistimu kazibuthe ukwenza ngcono imiphumela.
IZINSELELE NOKUZIPHATHA NGOKUGCINA KAKHULU
Ngenkathi ukwahlukana kazibuthe kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi, izinselelo zikhona:
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinto ezibuthakathaka ngokwezibuthe
Ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya ezibuthakathaka ezibuthakathaka kudinga amasimu kazibuthe aphezulu nemishini esezingeni eliphakeme. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ukwakhiwa kwama-magnet ukubhekana nalolu daba ngempumelelo.
Iyacubungula izinhlayiya ezinhle
Izinhlayiya ezinhle zingaba nzima ukuzimba ngenxa yokuphendula kwawo okuphansi kanye nokuphendula kazibuthe. Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe njengokuhlukaniswa kwamandla kazibuthe okuphezulu kusiza ukunqoba le nselelo ngokwakha ama-gradients amabi.
Ukugcina
Abasizi bamabuzi basebenza injongo eyisisekelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngokususa okungcola okungcolile futhi baqinisekise ubumsulwa bemikhiqizo. Zivikela imishini, zithuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi zinomthelela ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho. Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe iyaqhubeka nokwandisa izinhlelo zabo kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo. Ukuqonda izimiso, izinhlobo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe kubalulekile ezimbonini okuhlose ukwenza ngcono izinqubo zazo futhi zilondoloze amazinga aphezulu ekhwalithi nokuphepha.
Amazolumbo
1. Yiziphi izimboni ezizuzisa kakhulu kwimishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe?
Izimboni ezinjengezokumbiwa phansi, ukudla neziphuzo, imithi, ukuphindaphindeka, kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali kusizakale kakhulu kumishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe. Le mikhakha idinga ukususwa kokungcola okunamandla ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo nokuvikela imishini yokucubungula.
2. Ihlukanisa kanjani amandla kazibuthe ekusimeni kwemvelo?
Izinsizakusebenza zokwehlukaniswa kazibuthe emizamweni yokuvuselela kabusha ngokuthola kabusha izinsimbi ezi-Ferrous kusuka emifuleni yokungcola. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-landfill, kugcina izinsiza zemvelo, futhi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
3. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinto ze-Ferromagnetic ne-paramagnetic ezinqubweni zokwehlukanisa?
Izinto ze-Ferromagnetic zikhangwa ngokuqinile kuma-marthets futhi zihlukaniswe kalula kusetshenziswa abahlukanisi abajwayelekile bamabuzi. Izinto ze-paramagnetic zinokuheha okubuthakathaka futhi zingadinga amasimu kazibuthe aphezulu wokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo.
I-4. Ngabe abahlukanisi bamabumba bangasusa ukungcola okungeyona insimbi?
Abasizi bamabuzi benzelwe ukususa i-Ferrous futhi ezinye izinto ezingezinhle ezingezinhle ezingezinhle. Azikwazi ukususa izisulu ezingezona zensimbi ezingakhombisi izakhiwo zezibuthe. Ezinye izindlela zokwehlukanisa zingadingeka ezinhlayiyeni ezingezona zensimbi.
I-5
Ukuhlola okujwayelekile kufanele kwenziwe ngokususelwa ezincomeni zomenzi kanye nezimo zokusebenza. Ukulungiswa okujwayelekile kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle futhi kunweba isikhathi sokuphila kwe-lovespan.
6. Yiziphi izehlakalo ezilindelwe kubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa kazibuthe?
Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ingafaka ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nanotechnology ukuthola ukwahlukana okunembile, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokusebenzisa ubuhlakani bokufakelwa ukukhulisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo kanye nokugcinwa kwemishini.
7. Ngingawutholaphi Olwazi Olwengeziwe Ngemishini Yama-Magness Hardwation?
Ngemininingwane ephelele kwimishini yokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe, ungahlola amawebhusayithi emboni akhethekile, amaphephabhuku ezifundo zezemfundo kanye nezinsizakusebenza zabakhiqizi ezinikezelwe ku Imishini yokuhlukanisa kazibuthe.
